Pulsar del granchio
La pulsar del Granchio (PSR B0531+21) è una stella di neutroni relativamente giovane situata al centro della Nebulosa del Granchio, il resto della supernova SN 1054. Scoperta nel 1968, fu la prima pulsar ad essere messa in relazione con un resto di supernova, una scoperta fondamentale per l’interpretazione delle pulsar come stelle di neutroni ad elevata velocità di rotazione.
La pulsar del Granchio ha un diametro, nel visibile di circa 28–30 km e compie una rotazione in 33 millisecondi, cioè compie 30 giri al secondo, ma si ritiene che stia rallentando di 38 nanosecondi al giorno a causa della grande quantità di energia emanata tramite vento; talvolta il suo periodo di rotazione mostra dei forti cambiamenti, noti come glitch. Tale vento, accelerato a velocità relativistiche, interagisce con i gas della nebulosa producendo un’emissione di sincrotrone che costituisce la gran parte dell’emissione dell’oggetto, rivelata in quasi tutto lo spettro elettromagnetico, dalla banda radio ai raggi gamma. L’energia rilasciata man mano che la pulsar rallenta è notevolissima e potenzia le emissioni di sincrotrone della Nebulosa del Granchio, che ha una luminosità totale di circa 75.000 volte quella del Sole. La forte emissione di energia della pulsar crea un’insolita regione dinamica al centro della nebulosa; mentre la gran parte degli oggetti astronomici evolvono talmente lentamente che i cambiamenti sono apprezzabili solo nella scala di diversi anni, le parti più interne della Nebulosa del Granchio mostrano dei cambiamenti nell’ordine di appena pochi giorni. La struttura più dinamica delle regioni centrali della nebulosa è il punto dove il vento equatoriale della pulsar colpisce la massa della nebulosa stessa, formando una sorta di termination shock. La forma e la posizione di questa struttura cambiano rapidamente, a seconda dell’intensità del vento equatoriale, che appare come una serie di sbuffi che si illuminano e si dissolvono mentre si allontanano dalla pulsar, per poi mescolarsi ai gas della parte principale della nebulosa.
Pulsar del granchio in movimento
Suono della pulsar del granchio
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